World leaders are convening for COP31 in Antalya, Turkiye, amid continued global emissions growth. In 2025, the world emitted 54.1 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases, a 0.7 percent increase from the previous year and a 68.5 percent rise since 1990. These gases, primarily carbon dioxide and methane, are major drivers of climate change, leading to elevated global temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events.

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to rising global temperatures. Carbon dioxide accounted for 73.8 percent of global emissions in 2025, largely from burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Methane followed at 17.6 percent, with nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases making up the remainder. CO2 emissions have seen a significant increase of 76.3 percent since 1990.

The accumulation of these gases has led to record-high ocean heat levels and a sharp increase in ocean warming over the past two decades. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported that extreme weather events in 2026 caused tens of thousands of deaths and displaced millions globally.

In Europe, heatwaves and wildfires between May and August resulted in over 30,000 excess deaths and significant evacuations. Nepal and China experienced a devastating glacier collapse and subsequent flash flood in the Himalayas, killing over 1,500 people and leaving thousands missing. Typhoons and tropical storms in Asia, as well as floods and storms in the Mediterranean and North America, also led to substantial loss of life and displacement.

While China is currently the largest emitter, the United States has emitted the most carbon dioxide throughout history. Data indicates that global greenhouse gas emissions have more than doubled since 1970, escalating from approximately 23 billion tonnes to the current 54.1 billion tonnes.

Analysis of emissions sources reveals that energy production, including electricity and heat, is a significant contributor. Industrial processes and the use of fossil fuels in transportation also play a substantial role. Agriculture and land-use changes, particularly deforestation, are also key contributors to greenhouse gas output.

Discussions at COP31 are expected to focus on accelerating emission reduction strategies, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing more robust climate adaptation measures. The urgency is underscored by the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events worldwide.

Questions remain about the effectiveness of current international climate agreements in curbing emissions and the equitable distribution of responsibility for emission reductions between developed and developing nations. The ongoing rise in global emissions highlights the significant challenge ahead in meeting climate targets.