Iran and the United States have electronically signed a memorandum of understanding to end the nearly four-month-long conflict involving the US, Israel, and Iran, according to Pakistani officials and statements from both sides. The agreement, which took effect on June 18, 2026, includes commitments to cease military operations, prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons, and fully reopen the Strait of Hormuz.

This agreement marks a potential breakthrough in a conflict that has destabilized the region for over three months. The Strait of Hormuz, a vital global shipping lane, has been a focal point of tensions, and its reopening is seen as crucial for international trade. The deal's focus on Iran's nuclear program also addresses a long-standing international concern.

Iran's Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Esmaeil Baghaei, stated that the memorandum is now in force and paves the way for further talks on a final deal within 60 days. However, he issued a stern warning, asserting that Tehran will monitor Washington's implementation "without any leniency" and will not fulfill its own commitments if the US fails to meet its obligations. Baghaei also reiterated that Iran's missile program is not subject to negotiation.

Despite the agreement, significant questions remain regarding its implementation. Experts anticipate that negotiations over Iran's nuclear program, which involve complex issues like uranium enrichment and verification measures, will likely extend beyond the initial 60-day timeline. Kenneth Katzman, a senior fellow at the Soufan Center, described these talks as "very detailed" and "very exhaustive," requiring extensive work by technical experts.

In the United States, the deal has already drawn criticism from prominent Republicans. Former Vice President Mike Pence, former UN Ambassador Nikki Haley, and Senator Bill Cassidy have voiced opposition, arguing that the agreement does not sufficiently curb Iran's nuclear ambitions and criticizing a proposed $300 billion reconstruction plan for Iran. Some Republicans have drawn parallels to the 2015 nuclear deal, from which President Trump previously withdrew.

The implications for regional stability are also being closely examined. Rami Khouri, a distinguished fellow at the American University of Beirut, suggested that a full Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon, a key theater of the conflict, could take "four to five months." He also noted that broader regional issues would still require addressing even after the US-Iran negotiations conclude.

Reporting from southern Lebanon indicates that the conflict is far from over, with Israeli attacks continuing. The future of Lebanon remains uncertain as the process of de-escalation and withdrawal unfolds, suggesting that the path to lasting peace will be complex and protracted.

Unresolved questions persist regarding the specifics of the nuclear verification measures, the timeline for the complete cessation of hostilities on all fronts, and the mechanisms for ensuring compliance from all parties involved in the protracted conflict.